The basic Phonetic Primitive gives its Sino-Japanese reading to the other members of its family and a general meaning which, fine-tuned by the key, gives the precise meaning of the Kanji.
An example will speak better that a speech: in this particular case, the "KEN 兼" family. Of course, it has not been chosen by chance. It is part of the "good" half of Kanji that have preserved the principles on which their rationalization was based (cf. Analysis)
This case illustrates the properties of the phonetic primitives. For details, see "What the example of "KEN - 兼" shows "